Preparedness fails when it lives in a single project team rather than in the organisations that must respond every year.

Public institutions already carry disaster-management mandates. The gap is often not the absence of a plan, but the absence of staff, procedures, budgets and partnerships that keep that plan alive between events.

Capacity building should therefore start with an honest assessment of existing systems, then transfer skills through training, simulation and accompaniment. The test of success is whether local institutions can continue the work after an advisory team has left.